By Dr. Sharon R. Hontiveros
What is PID?
Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Bacteria can spread upward from the vagina or cervix.
Chlamydia and gonorrhea are common causes, but bacteria normally found in the vagina can also be involved. PID is not always caused by a sexually transmitted infection.
Why does it matter?
PID can damage and scar the fallopian tubes, leading to fertility problems, a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy, or ongoing pelvic pain. Abscesses can also develop.
These complications do not happen to everyone. Prompt treatment helps reduce risk, but antibiotics cannot reverse damage that has already occurred.
Signs to watch for
- New or unusual lower abdominal or pelvic pain.
- Unusual vaginal discharge or an unpleasant odor.
- Pain during sex or urination.
- Bleeding between periods or after sex.
- Fever.
Symptoms may be mild, and some women have no noticeable symptoms. Seek prompt assessment if you suspect PID or may have been exposed to an STI.
When to seek emergency care
Go to an emergency department for severe or worsening pelvic pain, fainting, heavy bleeding with pain, a very high fever, or feeling very unwell. Symptoms with possible pregnancy also need urgent assessment.
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosis draws on your history, examination, and tests. Your doctor may take vaginal or cervical swabs, perform a pregnancy test, and arrange blood tests or ultrasound when appropriate.
Antibiotics are the main treatment. Finish the prescribed course even if you feel better. Hospital care may be needed for severe infection or complications.
Contact your doctor if you are not improving within 3 days of starting antibiotics, or sooner if symptoms worsen. Recent sexual partners may need STI testing and treatment. Avoid sex until treatment is completed by you and any partners needing treatment, symptoms have resolved, and your clinician advises it is safe.
Reducing your risk
Use condoms correctly, avoid douching, and discuss STI screening with your healthcare provider according to your age and risk. Prompt treatment of infections and appropriate partner care help prevent reinfection.
You deserve care without judgment. If symptoms concern you, speak with your OB-GYN rather than waiting for them to become severe.
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